Topic Cluster

Thermodynamics

Heat, temperature, entropy, and energy transfer. The science of engines, refrigerators, and the universe’s arrow of time.

Thermodynamics

Boyle’s Law: Pressure, Volume and the P1V1 = P2V2 Rule

Boyle's Law states that the absolute pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant temperature, so P₁V₁ = P₂V₂. This guide covers the formula, the graph, five real-world examples, four common traps and seven worked problems.

17 min read

Thermodynamics

What Is the Ideal Gas Law (PV = nRT)?

The ideal gas law, PV = nRT, links a gas's pressure, volume, amount and absolute temperature in a single equation that works for every gas. This guide covers the formula, the molecular reason behind it, eight worked problems, and the four errors that cost the most marks.

18 min read

Thermodynamics

Thermal Expansion Explained

Why do bridges have gaps, and why is the Eiffel Tower taller in summer? Thermal expansion explained with the ΔL = αL₀ΔT formula, real coefficients, worked examples and an interactive lab.

13 min read

Thermodynamics

What Is Latent Heat?

Latent heat is the energy absorbed or released when a substance changes state without changing temperature. This guide explains the Q = mL formula, the latent heats of fusion and vaporisation, with worked examples and a heating-curve diagram.

14 min read

Thermodynamics

Conduction, Convection and Radiation

Conduction, convection and radiation are the three ways heat moves: by direct contact, by flowing fluids, and by electromagnetic waves. A clear guide with formulas, real examples and worked problems.

13 min read

Thermodynamics

The Laws of Thermodynamics Explained

A clear, complete guide to the four laws of thermodynamics — the zeroth, first, second and third — with simple definitions, key formulas, worked examples and an interactive heat-engine lab.

15 min read

Thermodynamics

What Is Specific Heat Capacity?

Specific heat capacity is the heat needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C. This guide explains the Q=mcΔT formula with a materials table, worked examples and clear FAQs.

13 min read

Thermodynamics

Heat vs Temperature: What’s the Difference?

Heat and temperature are not the same thing. Learn the difference, the Q=mcΔT formula, real-world examples and worked problems — including why two objects can share a temperature yet hold very different amounts of heat.

14 min read