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Waves & Optics

How sound travels, why light bends, and the universal mathematics behind every oscillation in nature.

What Are Transverse and Longitudinal Waves?

Transverse vs longitudinal waves explained simply: perpendicular vs parallel vibration, with worked examples for light, sound, water, slinkies, and earthquakes, plus the v = fλ formula.

Doppler effect diagram showing sound waves compressed ahead of a moving ambulance and stretched behind it

What Is the Doppler Effect?

The Doppler effect is the change in a wave's observed frequency when the source and observer move relative to each other. Learn the formula, real examples from sirens to redshift, and try the interactive lab.

Frequency formula f = 1/T shown on a wave diagram measuring cycles per second in hertz

What Is the Frequency Formula?

The frequency formula, f = 1/T, gives the number of cycles per second in hertz. This guide explains how to calculate frequency from period, wavelength, and wave speed, with worked examples and the common mistakes to avoid.

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