The Journal

All articles

Every piece we've published, sorted by date. Each ends with worked problems and a FAQ.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

A clear, complete guide to the electromagnetic spectrum: the seven bands from radio waves to gamma rays, the c = fλ relationship, photon energy, real-world examples and worked problems.

11 min read

Thermodynamics

Conduction, Convection and Radiation

Conduction, convection and radiation are the three ways heat moves: by direct contact, by flowing fluids, and by electromagnetic waves. A clear guide with formulas, real examples and worked problems.

13 min read

Classical Mechanics

Weight vs Mass: What’s the Difference?

Mass is the amount of matter in an object (measured in kilograms); weight is the force of gravity on it (measured in newtons). This guide explains the difference, the W = mg formula, and how your weight changes across the solar system while your mass stays the same.

12 min read

Fluids

What Is Pressure in Physics?

Pressure in physics is force divided by area (P = F/A), measured in pascals. This guide explains the formula, fluid pressure, pressure units, common misconceptions and seven worked problems.

12 min read

Electromagnetism

Series and Parallel Circuits Explained

A clear guide to series and parallel circuits — how current, voltage and resistance behave in each, with original diagrams, formulas and eight worked examples.

12 min read

$Reflection and Refraction of Light$

Waves & Optics

Reflection and Refraction of Light

Reflection and refraction explained simply, with the laws, Snell's law, refractive index, total internal reflection, worked examples, and an interactive lab.

6 min read

Classical Mechanics

What Is Power in Physics?

Power in physics is the rate at which work is done, P = W/t = Fv, measured in watts. This guide explains the formula, average vs instantaneous power, real-world examples, and seven worked problems.

11 min read

Classical Mechanics

Potential Energy: Definition, Types & Formula

Potential energy is stored energy an object has due to its position or configuration. Learn the PE = mgh formula, the main types, real-world examples and step-by-step worked problems.

12 min read

Classical Mechanics

What Is Gravitational Potential Energy?

Gravitational potential energy is the energy an object stores because of its height. This guide explains the PE = mgh formula, works through eight problems, clears up common misconceptions, and includes an interactive energy-conservation lab.

12 min read

Classical Mechanics

What Is Hooke’s Law?

Hooke's Law (F = kx) explains how springs stretch in proportion to force. A clear guide to the spring constant, elastic potential energy, the elastic limit and 8 worked examples.

14 min read

Waves & Optics

What Are Transverse and Longitudinal Waves?

Transverse vs longitudinal waves explained simply: perpendicular vs parallel vibration, with worked examples for light, sound, water, slinkies, and earthquakes, plus the v = fλ formula.

12 min read

Modern Physics

The Speed of Light Explained

The speed of light (c) is exactly 299,792,458 m/s — the fastest anything can travel and the universe's ultimate speed limit. Here's what that means, why it's constant, and how to work with it.

13 min read

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