{"id":753,"date":"2026-08-10T02:20:41","date_gmt":"2026-08-10T02:20:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/physicsfundamentalsinfo.com\/blog\/?p=753"},"modified":"2026-08-24T13:03:47","modified_gmt":"2026-08-24T13:03:47","slug":"physics-symbols","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/physicsfundamentalsinfo.com\/blog\/mechanics\/physics-symbols\/","title":{"rendered":"Physics Symbols: Greek Letters and Notation Cheat Sheet"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"pf-citation\"><div class=\"eyebrow\">Definition<\/div><p>\nPhysics symbols are the single letters and marks that stand for measurable quantities, their units and the operations performed on them \u2014 v for velocity, \u03a9 for the ohm, \u0394 for a change. Quantity symbols are printed in italic, unit symbols upright, and the same letter routinely means different things in different branches.\n<\/p><\/div>\n\n<p>Open any physics page and you meet a wall of letters before you meet a single idea. Half of them are Greek, several are wearing tiny numbers, and one of them \u2014 \u03bc \u2014 turns up three times on the same page meaning three unrelated things.<\/p>\n\n<p>That wall is not decoration. Every symbol is a compressed sentence, and once you can unpack it, an unfamiliar equation stops being intimidating and starts being readable. This page is the decoder.<\/p>\n\n<h2>What Are Physics Symbols?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Physics symbols are shorthand: a letter or mark that stands for a physical quantity, a unit, a constant or a mathematical operation. Rather than writing &#8220;the rate of change of velocity&#8221;, you write <em>a<\/em>, and every physicist on the planet knows what you mean.<\/p>\n\n<p>They fall into four families, and mixing them up is where most confusion starts.<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quantity symbols<\/strong> \u2014 the thing being measured: <em>m<\/em> (mass), <em>v<\/em> (velocity), <em>T<\/em> (temperature). Always italic.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Unit symbols<\/strong> \u2014 what it is measured in: kg, m\/s, K. Always upright, never pluralised.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Constant symbols<\/strong> \u2014 fixed values of nature: <em>c<\/em>, <em>h<\/em>, <em>G<\/em>, \u03b5<sub>0<\/sub>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Operator and notation symbols<\/strong> \u2014 instructions: \u0394, <span style=\"font-family:'Segoe UI Symbol','DejaVu Sans','Cambria Math',Georgia,serif;\">\u2211<\/span>, the arrow or bold type that marks a vector.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Here is the crucial point most students never get told: symbols are conventions, not laws. Unit symbols are fixed by international agreement, but quantity symbols are only recommendations \u2014 which is exactly why one letter can be recycled across topics.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"pf-figure\" style=\"margin:1.6em 0;\"><img src=\"https:\/\/physicsfundamentalsinfo.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/physics-symbols-anatomy-statement-quantity-symbol-subscript.webp\" width=\"1440\" height=\"700\" alt=\"Physics symbols - Diagram showing the anatomy of a physics statement: quantity symbol, subscript label, numerical value and unit symbol\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:720px;display:block;margin:0 auto;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-style:italic;\">Every physics statement carries four separate pieces of information. Reading them apart is the whole skill.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Greek Letters in Physics: The Complete Table<\/h2>\n\n<p>Greek letters appear in physics because the Latin alphabet ran out. There are only 26 Latin letters and thousands of quantities, so borrowing a second alphabet roughly doubled the supply \u2014 and by long habit certain Greek letters became permanently attached to certain ideas.<\/p>\n\n<p>All 24 lowercase Greek letters are listed below, including the three that physics almost never uses.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Lowercase Greek Letters<\/h3>\n\n<div class=\"pf-table-scroll\" style=\"display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;margin:1.5em 0;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background:#0A1628;color:#FAF6EE;\">\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Symbol<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Name<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Main meanings in physics<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Typical SI unit<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03b1<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">alpha<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Angular acceleration; coefficient of linear thermal expansion; alpha particle; fine-structure constant<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">rad\/s<sup>2<\/sup>; K<sup>-1<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03b2<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">beta<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Speed as a fraction of light speed (v\/c); beta particle; sound-level exponent in some texts<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">dimensionless<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03b3<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">gamma<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Lorentz factor; gamma ray; surface tension; ratio of specific heats<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">dimensionless; N\/m<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03b4<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">delta<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">A very small change; inexact differential (\u03b4Q); Dirac delta function; skin depth<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">varies<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03b5<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">epsilon<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Permittivity; strain; emissivity; sometimes electromotive force<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">F\/m; dimensionless<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03b6<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">zeta<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Damping ratio in oscillations<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">dimensionless<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03b7<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">eta<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Efficiency; dynamic viscosity<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">dimensionless; Pa s<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03b8<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">theta<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Angle or angular displacement; occasionally temperature<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">rad or degrees<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03b9<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">iota<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Rarely used \u2014 too close to Latin i<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u2014<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03ba<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">kappa<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Thermal conductivity; dielectric constant; compressibility<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">W m<sup>-1<\/sup> K<sup>-1<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03bb<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">lambda<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Wavelength; radioactive decay constant; linear charge density; mean free path<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">m; s<sup>-1<\/sup>; C\/m<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03bc<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">mu<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Coefficient of friction; the prefix micro (10<sup>-6<\/sup>); magnetic permeability; reduced mass<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">dimensionless; N A<sup>-2<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03bd<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">nu<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Frequency (common in quantum work); kinematic viscosity; neutrino; Poisson&#8217;s ratio<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Hz; m<sup>2<\/sup>\/s<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03be<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">xi<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Correlation length; a generic small displacement<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">m<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03bf<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">omicron<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Never used \u2014 indistinguishable from the letter o<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u2014<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03c0<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">pi<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">The circle constant 3.14159\u2026; osmotic pressure; the pion<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">dimensionless<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03c1<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">rho<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Density; electrical resistivity; volume charge density<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>; \u03a9 m; C\/m<sup>3<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03c3<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">sigma<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Stefan-Boltzmann constant; electrical conductivity; surface charge density; stress; standard deviation<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">W m<sup>-2<\/sup> K<sup>-4<\/sup>; S\/m; Pa<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03c4<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">tau<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Torque; time constant; shear stress; proper time<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">N m; s; Pa<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03c5<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">upsilon<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Rarely used \u2014 too close to Latin v and u<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u2014<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03c6<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">phi<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Phase angle; work function in the photoelectric effect; electric potential; a second angle in 3D<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">rad; J or eV; V<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03c7<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">chi<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Electric or magnetic susceptibility<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">dimensionless<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03c8<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">psi<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Quantum wavefunction<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">varies<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03c9<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">omega<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Angular velocity; angular frequency<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">rad\/s<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n<h3>Capital Greek Letters<\/h3>\n\n<p>Only ten Greek capitals look different from Latin capitals, so those ten are the only ones physics bothers with. The rest \u2014 \u0391, \u0392, \u0395, \u0396, \u0397, \u0399, \u039a, \u039c, \u039d, \u039f, \u03a1, \u03a4, \u03a5, \u03a7 \u2014 are visually identical to A, B, E, Z, H, I, K, M, N, O, P, T, Y, X and would be hopelessly ambiguous.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"pf-table-scroll\" style=\"display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;margin:1.5em 0;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background:#0A1628;color:#FAF6EE;\">\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Symbol<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Name<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Main meanings in physics<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Typical SI unit<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u0393<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Gamma<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Decay width of an unstable state; circulation in fluid flow<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">eV; m<sup>2<\/sup>\/s<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u0394<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Delta<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">&#8220;Change in&#8221; \u2014 the most common symbol in all of physics<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">same as the quantity<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u0398<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Theta<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Debye temperature; the dimension of temperature<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">K<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u039b<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Lambda<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Cosmological constant; the Lambda baryon; an energy scale in particle physics<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">m<sup>-2<\/sup>; eV<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u039e<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Xi<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">The Xi baryon; grand partition function<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">varies<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03a0<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Pi<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">&#8220;Multiply all of these together&#8221;<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">operator<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03a3<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Sigma<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">&#8220;Add all of these together&#8221; \u2014 as in \u03a3F for the resultant force<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">operator<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03a6<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Phi<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Magnetic flux; electric flux; luminous flux<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Wb; V m; lm<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03a8<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Psi<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Time-dependent wavefunction<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">varies<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03a9<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Omega<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">The ohm (a unit); solid angle; number of microstates in statistical mechanics<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03a9; sr<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>Latin Letters: The Everyday Symbols<\/h2>\n\n<p>Latin symbols do the heavy lifting in school and first-year physics, and they are worse offenders than Greek for double meanings. A capital <em>C<\/em> can be capacitance, heat capacity or the coulomb, all within one chapter.<\/p>\n\n<p>The table below gives the standard reading of each letter, with the alternatives that most often catch people out.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"pf-table-scroll\" style=\"display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;margin:1.5em 0;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background:#0A1628;color:#FAF6EE;\">\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Symbol<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Usual quantity<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">SI unit<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Also used for<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>a<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Acceleration<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">m\/s<sup>2<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Amplitude; the unit &#8220;annum&#8221;<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>A<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Area<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">m<sup>2<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Amplitude; A is also the unit ampere<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>B<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Magnetic flux density<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">T (tesla)<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u2014<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>c<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Speed of light in vacuum<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">m\/s<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Specific heat capacity (J kg<sup>-1<\/sup> K<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>C<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Capacitance<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">F (farad)<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Heat capacity; C is also the unit coulomb<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>d<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Distance or separation<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">m<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Slit spacing; differential operator<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>E<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Energy<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">J (joule)<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Electric field strength (V\/m or N\/C)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>f<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Frequency<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Hz<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Focal length; friction force<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>F<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Force<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">N (newton)<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">F is also the unit farad<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>g<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Gravitational field strength<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">N\/kg or m\/s<sup>2<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">g is also the unit gram<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>h<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Height<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">m<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Planck constant; h is also the unit hour<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>I<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Electric current<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">A (ampere)<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Moment of inertia (kg m<sup>2<\/sup>); intensity (W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>k<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Spring constant<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">N\/m<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Boltzmann constant; Coulomb constant; wavenumber<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>L<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Length<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">m<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Angular momentum (kg m<sup>2<\/sup> s<sup>-1<\/sup>); inductance (H)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>m<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Mass<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">kg<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">m is also the unit metre; also the prefix milli<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>n<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Amount of substance<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">mol<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Refractive index; number density; the prefix nano<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>p<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Momentum<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">kg m\/s<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Pressure (Pa); the prefix pico<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>P<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Power<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">W (watt)<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Pressure (Pa)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>Q<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Electric charge<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">C (coulomb)<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Heat transferred (J); quality factor<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>r<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Radius or separation<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">m<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u2014<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>R<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Electrical resistance<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03a9 (ohm)<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Molar gas constant; resultant; radius of a large body<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>s<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Displacement<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">m<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">s is also the unit second<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>t<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Time<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">s<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Celsius temperature; thickness<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>T<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Thermodynamic temperature<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">K (kelvin)<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Period (s); tension (N); T is also the unit tesla<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>u<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Initial velocity<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">m\/s<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Internal energy; u is also the atomic mass unit<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>v<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Velocity or speed<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">m\/s<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">V is the unit volt<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>V<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Potential difference<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">V (volt)<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Volume (m<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>W<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Work done<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">J (joule)<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Weight; W is also the unit watt<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>Notice the pattern in the last column: nearly every clash is between a <em>quantity<\/em> symbol and a <em>unit<\/em> symbol. That is precisely what the italic rule exists to prevent.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Unit and Prefix Symbols, and the \u03bc Problem<\/h2>\n\n<p>Unit symbols are the strictest part of the whole system: they are fixed by international agreement, printed upright, and never take a plural s. Write 75 cm, never 75 cms \u2014 that exact example comes straight from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/pml\/special-publication-811\/nist-guide-si-chapter-6-rules-and-style-conventions-printing-and-using\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NIST&#8217;s rules for printing unit symbols<\/a>. Quantity symbols, by contrast, are only recommendations that authors may override as long as they say so.<\/p>\n\n<p>Capitalisation is not decorative either. A unit symbol starts with a capital only when the unit honours a person \u2014 N for Newton, K for Kelvin, Pa for Pascal \u2014 which is why it is m for metre but W for watt.<\/p>\n\n<p>Then come the prefixes, and this is where \u03bc earns its reputation.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"pf-table-scroll\" style=\"display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;margin:1.5em 0;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background:#0A1628;color:#FAF6EE;\">\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Prefix<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Symbol<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Multiplier<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Seen in<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">tera<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">T<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">10<sup>12<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">TW of global power demand<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">giga<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">G<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">10<sup>9<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">GHz processor clock<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">mega<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">M<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">10<sup>6<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">MW power station output<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">kilo<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">k<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">10<sup>3<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">kJ, km, k\u03a9<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">deci<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">d<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">10<sup>-1<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">dB (decibel)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">centi<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">c<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">10<sup>-2<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">cm, cm<sup>3<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">milli<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">m<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">mA, ms, mm<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">micro<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03bc<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">10<sup>-6<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03bcF, \u03bcm, \u03bcs<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">nano<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">n<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">10<sup>-9<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">nm of visible light<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">pico<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">p<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">10<sup>-12<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">pF, ps<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">femto<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">f<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">10<sup>-15<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">fm, the scale of a nucleus<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>Those are the eleven you will meet most; the full SI set now runs to 24 prefixes, after ronna, quetta, ronto and quecto were added in 2022. If you need to move a value between them, our <a href=\"https:\/\/physicsfundamentalsinfo.com\/calculators\/si-prefix-converter\">SI Prefix Converter<\/a> re-expresses any number in a different prefix and shows the power of ten it used, which is far safer than shifting a decimal point by hand at 1 a.m.<\/p>\n\n<p>One rule here catches almost everyone: prefixes cannot be stacked, and the kilogram already contains one. So a millionth of a kilogram is written 1 mg, never 1 \u03bckg.<\/p>\n\n<p>So: \u03bc as a prefix means multiply by 10<sup>-6<\/sup>. \u03bc as a quantity symbol means the coefficient of friction. \u03bc with a subscript zero means the magnetic permeability of free space. Same glyph, three unrelated jobs.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"pf-figure\" style=\"margin:1.6em 0;\"><img src=\"https:\/\/physicsfundamentalsinfo.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/physics-symbols-three-different-meanings-mu-symbol.webp\" width=\"1440\" height=\"540\" alt=\"Physics symbols - Diagram showing the three different meanings of the mu symbol in physics: coefficient of friction, the micro prefix, and magnetic permeability\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:720px;display:block;margin:0 auto;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-style:italic;\">Context, not the glyph, tells you which \u03bc you are looking at.<\/p>\n\n<p>The trick is not memorising which is which. It is noticing that a prefix always sits glued to a unit, while a quantity symbol stands alone \u2014 and the friction coefficient never carries a unit at all, which is discussed further in our guide to <a href=\"https:\/\/physicsfundamentalsinfo.com\/blog\/mechanics\/what-is-friction\/\">friction and its coefficients<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Notation: Italic, Upright, Deltas and Operators<\/h2>\n\n<p>Beyond the letters themselves sits a second layer of meaning: typeface, subscripts, bars, hats and operators. This layer carries real information, and skipping it is how students end up solving the wrong equation.<\/p>\n\n<p>The single most important rule is the typeface one, set out by NIST in the US edition of the SI brochure: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/pml\/special-publication-330\/sp-330-section-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">quantity symbols are printed in italic and unit symbols upright<\/a>. So <em>m<\/em> is a mass and m is a metre, and the difference is a slant.<\/p>\n\n<p>Delta is the workhorse. Capital \u0394 always means a change, computed as final minus initial:<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"pf-formula\">\u0394x = x2 &#8211; x1<\/div>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0394x<\/strong> \u2014 the change in position (displacement), in metres (m)<\/li>\n<li><strong>x2<\/strong> \u2014 the final position, in metres (m)<\/li>\n<li><strong>x1<\/strong> \u2014 the initial position, in metres (m)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Because \u0394 subtracts, it can be negative even when the quantity itself cannot. A temperature of \u22125 K is impossible; a temperature change of \u22125 K happens every autumn evening.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"pf-table-scroll\" style=\"display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;margin:1.5em 0;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background:#0A1628;color:#FAF6EE;\">\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Notation<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Read it as<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Example<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u0394<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Change in (final minus initial)<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u0394T = 20 K<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03b4<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">A very small change, or a path-dependent one<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03b4Q, a small quantity of heat<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">d<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">An infinitesimal change (a derivative)<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">d<em>v<\/em>\/d<em>t<\/em> is acceleration<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Segoe UI Symbol','DejaVu Sans','Cambria Math',Georgia,serif;\">\u2202<\/span><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Partial derivative: vary one thing, freeze the rest<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Wave and heat equations<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Segoe UI Symbol','DejaVu Sans','Cambria Math',Georgia,serif;\">\u2211<\/span><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Add all of these together<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">\u03a3F = ma<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Segoe UI Symbol','DejaVu Sans','Cambria Math',Georgia,serif;\">\u220f<\/span><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Multiply all of these together<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Probability chains<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Segoe UI Symbol','DejaVu Sans','Cambria Math',Georgia,serif;\">\u222b<\/span><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Integral: the area under a curve, added continuously<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Work from a varying force<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Segoe UI Symbol','DejaVu Sans','Cambria Math',Georgia,serif;\">\u2207<\/span><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Del or nabla: how steeply a field changes in space<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Maxwell&#8217;s equations<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Segoe UI Symbol','DejaVu Sans','Cambria Math',Georgia,serif;\">\u221d<\/span><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Proportional to<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>F<\/em> <span style=\"font-family:'Segoe UI Symbol','DejaVu Sans','Cambria Math',Georgia,serif;\">\u221d<\/span> 1\/<em>r<\/em><sup>2<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">bold <strong>v<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">A vector: magnitude and direction<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Momentum <strong>p<\/strong> = <em>m<\/em><strong>v<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">|<em>v<\/em>|<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">The magnitude only, direction discarded<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Speed is |<strong>v<\/strong>|<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">subscript 0<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">The initial or reference value<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>v<\/em><sub>0<\/sub>, \u03b5<sub>0<\/sub>, <em>L<\/em><sub>0<\/sub><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">subscript word<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">A label, not a variable \u2014 so it stays upright<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>F<\/em><sub>net<\/sub>, <em>v<\/em><sub>max<\/sub><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>Two of these deserve a warning. Bold type marks a vector, so <strong>v<\/strong> and <em>v<\/em> are genuinely different objects \u2014 a point covered in our explainer on <a href=\"https:\/\/physicsfundamentalsinfo.com\/blog\/kinematics\/scalar-vector-quantities\/\">scalar and vector quantities<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p>And a subscript is not always the same kind of thing. In <em>v<\/em><sub>1<\/sub> the 1 counts objects; in <em>F<\/em><sub>net<\/sub> the &#8220;net&#8221; is a description; in \u03b5<sub>0<\/sub> the zero is part of the constant&#8217;s name.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"pf-sim-slot\"><div class=\"pf-sim-slot-header\"><span class=\"icon-dot\"><\/span><span class=\"label\">Physics Symbols Lab<\/span><\/div><div class=\"pf-sim-slot-body\">\n<style>\n.pf-sim-frame{\nwidth:100%;\nborder:none;\nheight:600px\n}\n@media(max-width:760px){\n.pf-sim-frame{\nheight:1000px\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<iframe\nsrc=\"\/labs\/physics-symbols.html?embed=1\"\nclass=\"pf-sim-frame\"\nloading=\"lazy\">\n<\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<h2>Symbols for the Physical Constants<\/h2>\n\n<p>Constants get their own symbols, and unlike quantity symbols these are near-universal \u2014 <em>c<\/em> means the speed of light in every textbook on Earth. The values below are the CODATA 2022 set recommended by NIST; several are now exact by definition rather than measured.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"pf-table-scroll\" style=\"display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;margin:1.5em 0;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background:#0A1628;color:#FAF6EE;\">\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Symbol<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Constant<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Value<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;text-align:left;\">Status<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>c<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Speed of light in vacuum<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">299,792,458 m&nbsp;s<sup>&minus;1<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Exact by definition<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>h<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Planck constant<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">6.626 070 15 &times; 10<sup>&minus;34<\/sup> J&nbsp;Hz<sup>&minus;1<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Exact by definition<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>e<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Elementary charge<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">1.602 176 634 &times; 10<sup>&minus;19<\/sup> C<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Exact by definition<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>k<\/em><sub>B<\/sub><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Boltzmann constant<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">1.380 649 &times; 10<sup>&minus;23<\/sup> J&nbsp;K<sup>&minus;1<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Exact by definition<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>N<\/em><sub>A<\/sub><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Avogadro constant<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">6.022 140 76 &times; 10<sup>23<\/sup> mol<sup>&minus;1<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Exact by definition<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>R<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Molar gas constant<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">8.314 462 618&hellip; J&nbsp;mol<sup>&minus;1<\/sup>&nbsp;K<sup>&minus;1<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Exact by definition<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">&sigma;<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Stefan&ndash;Boltzmann constant<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">5.670 374 419&hellip; &times; 10<sup>&minus;8<\/sup> W&nbsp;m<sup>&minus;2<\/sup>&nbsp;K<sup>&minus;4<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Exact by definition<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>G<\/em><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Newtonian constant of gravitation<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">6.674 30 &times; 10<sup>&minus;11<\/sup> m<sup>3<\/sup>&nbsp;kg<sup>&minus;1<\/sup>&nbsp;s<sup>&minus;2<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Measured (CODATA 2022)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>m<\/em><sub>e<\/sub><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Electron mass<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">9.109 383 7139 &times; 10<sup>&minus;31<\/sup> kg<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Measured (CODATA 2022)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\"><em>m<\/em><sub>p<\/sub><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Proton mass<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">1.672 621 925 95 &times; 10<sup>&minus;27<\/sup> kg<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Measured (CODATA 2022)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">&epsilon;<sub>0<\/sub><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Vacuum electric permittivity<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">8.854 187 8188 &times; 10<sup>&minus;12<\/sup> F&nbsp;m<sup>&minus;1<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Measured (CODATA 2022)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">&mu;<sub>0<\/sub><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Vacuum magnetic permeability<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">1.256 637 061 27 &times; 10<sup>&minus;6<\/sup> N&nbsp;A<sup>&minus;2<\/sup><\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Measured (CODATA 2022)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">&alpha;<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Fine-structure constant<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">7.297 352 5643 &times; 10<sup>&minus;3<\/sup> (about 1\/137.036)<\/td><td style=\"padding:8px;border:1px solid #D9CFB8;\">Measured (CODATA 2022)<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>The seven exact constants are the ones that now <em>define<\/em> the SI base units: since the 2019 redefinition their values are fixed by agreement, and it is the kilogram, kelvin, ampere and mole that are derived from them rather than the other way round.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A complete cheat sheet of physics symbols: all 24 Greek letters, the everyday Latin symbols, notation rules and constant symbols, each with its SI unit. Includes worked decoding problems and the symbol mix-ups that cost marks.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":754,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-753","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mechanics"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/physicsfundamentalsinfo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/753","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/physicsfundamentalsinfo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/physicsfundamentalsinfo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/physicsfundamentalsinfo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/physicsfundamentalsinfo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=753"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/physicsfundamentalsinfo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/753\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1484,"href":"https:\/\/physicsfundamentalsinfo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/753\/revisions\/1484"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/physicsfundamentalsinfo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/754"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/physicsfundamentalsinfo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=753"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/physicsfundamentalsinfo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=753"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/physicsfundamentalsinfo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=753"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}